Understanding Crop Water Needs
Different crops and growth stages require varying water amounts. Monitor soil moisture rather than irrigating on schedules. Feel soil at root depth or use sensors to determine actual water needs.
Drip Irrigation Systems
Drip irrigation delivers water directly to root zones with 90-95% efficiency compared to 60-75% for sprinklers. Initial costs are higher, but water savings, reduced disease pressure, and labor efficiency justify investment.
Design systems with proper pressure regulation, filtration, and emitter spacing for crop types. Maintain systems by flushing lines regularly and inspecting for clogs or damage.
Soil Moisture Management
Build soil organic matter to increase water holding capacity - each 1% increase holds an additional 16,000 gallons per acre. Organic matter acts like a sponge, storing water during abundance and releasing it during drought.
Mulching reduces evaporation, moderates soil temperature, and suppresses weeds that compete for moisture. Apply 2-4 inches of organic mulch or use living mulches between crop rows.
Rainwater Harvesting
Capture roof runoff in cisterns or tanks for irrigation use. A 1,000 square foot roof yields about 600 gallons per inch of rainfall. Use gravity-fed systems to avoid pumping costs.
Swales and ponds capture and store larger volumes for irrigation, fire protection, and livestock. Design with overflow systems to handle excess water safely.
Timing and Scheduling
Irrigate during early morning to reduce evaporation and allow foliage to dry before evening, reducing disease pressure. Avoid midday watering when evaporation rates peak.
Deep, infrequent irrigation encourages deep root growth and drought tolerance. Frequent shallow watering creates shallow roots vulnerable to stress and disease.